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When Pierre Blanchard had ascended from Philadelphia in a hot air balloon on January 9, 1793 and made the 15-mile journey across the Delaware River to Depford, New Jersey, he had made the Western hemisphere's first aerial flight, sparking a long line of aviation accomplishments in the Garden state.
Charles Durant, of Jersey City, for example, had subsequently become the first American balloonist to fly in 1830 and Dr. Solomon Andrews, constructing the first dirigible three years later, rose above Perth Amboy and flew to Long Island, then an unheard-of achievement by air.
The Boland brothers, of Rahway, built the first fixed-wing aircraft in 1909 and became the first to fly in South America. Three years later, in 1912, Oliver Simmons carried the first official sack of mail across Raritan Bay, from South Amboy to Perth Amboy, in a Wright Flyer. The first five World War I flying aces had hailed from New Jersey, earning the title in 1918. The world's first dirigible, the USS Shenandoah, had been built in Lakehurst in 1921. The Barling Bomber, constructed at Teterboro Airport in 1922 by the Wittlemann brothers, had then been the largest aircraft ever designed.
Air-cooled Whirlwind engines, built in Princeton, had powered many early aircraft of the 1920s. Metropolitan New York's airmail hub, established in 1925, had been located at Hadley Field in South Planfield. Richard Byrd and Floyd Bennett had been the first to navigate a Teterboro-constructed Fokker Trimotor, powered by Whirlwind engines, over the North Pole in 1926. However, the feat had been one of many made possible by the engine: in 1927, Charles Lindbergh had flown across the Atlantic in the Spirit of St. Louis; Clarence Chamberlin had flown to Germany two weeks later; and Richard Byrd and a crew of three had flown to France, all in aircraft powered by the Whirlwind.
Newark Metropolitan Airport, the world's busiest airfield, had opened in 1928 and became the location of America's first air traffic controller, William "Whitney" Conrad.
The 1930s continued to see New Jersey aviation achievements. Fokker, for example, had designed the world's largest passenger aircraft, the F.32, at Teterboro Airport in 1930, while Amelia Earhart had prepared for her solo transatlantic flight here, and the first aviation high school course had been established in Teaneck. Glen Rock's Chester Decker became the National Soaring Champion in both 1936 and 1939. Naval Air Station Lakehurst had been the mooring point for the Graf Zeppelin Hindenburg.
Between 1942 and 1945, General Motor's Eastern Aircraft Division built 13,500 Grumman fighter aircraft at its Tilden and Trenton plants for the war effort, while the Curtiss-Wright Corporation produced 281,164 engines and 146,468 electric propellers in six northern New Jersey locations. Major Thomas McGuire, of Ridgewood, New Jersey, became the country's second leading flying ACE, having shot down 38 enemy aircraft, while Frderick Castle of Mountain Lakes and First Lieutenant Kenneth Walsh of Jersey City, along with McGuire, had received Congressional Medals of Honor for their feats.
The first rocket engine, developed by Reaction Motors of Danville in 1947, had powered the Bell X-1, the first design to break the sound barrier, while their subsequent rocket engine had powered the North American X-15, the first aircraft to fly in space.
The world's first hovercraft had been designed by Charles Fletcher of Sussex in 1953.
Beyond the atmosphere, Walter M. Schirra of Oradell became the only astronaut to fly in all three spacecraft in 1968--Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo--while Montclair's Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin became the first astronaut to land a vehicle on the moon one year later.
New Jersey's rich civil and military aviation heritage can be explored at several strategically located airports and museums.
The Aviation Hall of Fame and Museum of New Jersey, for instance, founded in 1972 and located on the east side of Teterboro Airport, is dedicated to the preservation of the Garden State's distinguished, two-century aviation and space heritage. The first such state facility created for this purpose, it enshrines the men and women whose aeronautical achievements had brought world-wide recognition to New Jersey.
Aside from the Hall of Fame itself, its small indoor display area features several significant engines, inclusive of a two-cylinder, 28-hp, 1400-rpm, horizontally-opposed Model A Lawrence from 1916, which had been the forerunner of the Wright Whirlwind; a J44 turbojet engine model from the Teterboro School of Aeronautics; an XLR99 liquid rocket engine, which had first powered the X15 in 1960; a Curtiss Wright XLR-25-CW-1 motor assembly; a Wright Cyclone R-1820; a Wright Tornado R-2160, which had developed 2,350 bph at 4,150 revolutions-per-minute; and an air-cooled Wright Aeronautical J-5 Whirlwind.
Several rotary wing aircraft are also represented, such as a Super Scorpion helicopter, which had won the 1977 Experimental Aircraft Association Rotorcraft Ground Championship, an H-13 (Bell 47), and an Apache.
A Curtiss-Wright Dehmel Flight Simulator had once been used by Eastern Airlines.
A few significant exhibits are maintained outside. A M*A*S*H unit, for example, features a hospital tent, an operating room, a mess tent, an ambulance, a truck, and a Bell helicopter, and serves as a living memorial to Korean War veterans. Two rare, commercial aircraft, also located outside, include a Martin 202A registered N93204, which had been manufactured on July 8, 1950, and the nose section of a Convair 880 registered N803TW. The quad-engined airliner, the third such Convair 880 built, had been delivered to Trans World Airlines in 1961.
Teterboro Airport, the museum's location, is equally significant. Owned and operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jesey, the facility, covering 827 acres, had had its origin in 1917 when Walter C. Teter had acquired the property for it. The oldest operating airport in the northern New Jersey and New York metropolitan area, it had once been the site of North American Aviation aircraft manufacturing during World War I and subsequently served as the base for Anthony Fokker aircraft. It had fielded its first, current-site flight in 1919.
After having been operated by the Army and the Air Force during World War II, it had been purchased by the present Port Authority of New York and New Jersey on April 1, 1949. Serving as a general aviation reliever airport under Federal Aviation Regulation 139, the airport, with some 200,000 annual aircraft movements, features two runways-6,015-foot Runway 6-24 and 7,000-foot Runway 1-19; 4.2 miles of taxiways; an FAA control tower; and 19 hangars with a collective 412,000 square feet of area. It is a founding member of the Aviation Hall of Fame and Museum of New Jersey.
The Air Victory Museum, located in Lumberton at the South Jersey Regional Airport, is another significant aviation facility and focuses on military aircraft and their powerplants. "An educational organization dedicated to inspiring today's youth through the technology and achievements in aviation," according to its mission statement, the museum, which is partially certified and approved by the US Air Force and fully approved by the US Navy and the National Museum of Naval Aviation, seeks to "educate, celebrate aviation advances, and honor those who made them."
Its aircraft collection encompasses a McDonnell-Douglas A-4D Skyhawk Attack and Ground Support aircraft in Blue Angels livery, an F-4A Phantom, a Lockheed F-104G Starfighter, a North American F-86-D/L Sabre Jet, a Lockheed P-80A Shooting Star, a Ling Temco Vought A-7 Corsair, and a Grumman F-14 Tomcat. The engine exhibits are equally significant and include a German World War II Rocket Assist take off engine; a Junkers Jumo 004 eight-stage axial turbojet, which had powered the Messerschmitt Me-262; a Curtiss-Wright J-65; a 2,000-hp Pratt and Whitney two-row, 18-cylinder, air-cooled R-2800 radial; a Pratt and Whitney TF-30, its first afterburner-equipped powerplant; and a General Electric J-79. Centerpiece of the engine exhibits, however, is a working Pratt and Whitney R-4360. The largest piston ever designed, it features four rows, seven banks, and 28 cylinders, and had been the only powerplant able to develop its 3,670-pound weight in equivalent horsepower. It had been used by several bombers, including the goliath, ten-engined B-36 Peacemaker.
The Wright Brothers' contributions are represented by a full-size reproduction of the Wright Flyer, a 1903 Flyer 1 engine replica clearly showing the technology transfer from the bicycle with its chains and sprockets, a Kitty Hawk representation with the Wright Flyer having just disengaged itself from its acceleration track over the sand, and an actual wind tunnel built under their supervision.
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